【英文文法】英文會話常用，多益也必考的關係子句大補帖和掌握祕技
「關係子句」是多益考試的必考文法，在這篇文章中，我們會用最簡單的方式來教你掌握。在開始前，我們想讓你知道你不需要記這些文法術語，也不要被嚇到！文法讓大部分份的學習者感到煩躁，在文章的最後面我們會和你分析真正該學的是哪些。
這篇文章主要會分成三個段落：
1. 關係代名詞 (Relative Pronoun)
2. 複合關係代名詞 (Compound Relative Pronoun)
3. 關係副詞 (Relative Adverb)
關係子句是什麼？
關係子句是由 who, whom, whose, which, that 或 when, where, why 所引導出來的形容詞子句。先來試試這幾道題，以下這些題皆為關係子句的用法：
- The boy _______ stands next to me is my brother.
(A) whom (B) who (C) that (D) whoever
2. She said hello to _______ her parents invited.
(A) whom (B) that (C) whomever (D) whoever
3. The library is _______ Ms. White worked 10 years ago.
(A) which (B) what (C) that (D) where
【答案】
1. (B) (C) 都可以
2. (C)
3. (D)
I. 關係代名詞 (Relative Pronoun)
關係代名詞的功能為作為「代名詞＋連接詞」，用白話文說就是「如何用正確的字眼把兩個相關連的句子連結在一起」，而為什麼存在「把兩個相關連的句子連結在一起」呢？為的是更乾淨流暢地表達。一起來試試看吧！
1) 當先行詞為「人」且為「主格」時，就用 who / that 來處理
這裡有兩個句子，我們來嘗試把它們合併成一個句子
(a) I ran into the man. (我遇到那個男人)
(b) The man works in a bar. (那個男人在酒吧工作)
怎麼接起來：
- 將句子 (a) (b) 用 and 連起來
(a)+(b) = I run into the man and the man works in a bar. - 再用關係代名詞 who 來取代掉 and 跟 the man
I run into the man and the man works in a bar.
變成 I run into the man who works in a bar.
2) 當先行詞為「人」且為「受格」時，就用 who/whom/that 來處理
這裡有兩個句子，我們來嘗試把它們合併成一個句子
(a) The designer is Amy's husband.
(b) Lisa hired the designer.
怎麼接起來：
- 將句子 (a) (b) 用連接詞 and 連起來
(a)+(b) = The designer is Amy's husband and Lisa hired the designer. - 再用關係代名詞 that 將連接詞 and 跟第二句受詞 the designer 換掉
The designer that Lisa hired is Amy's husband.
3) 當先行詞為「物」且為「受格」時，就用 which/that/或省略來處理
這裡有兩個句子，我們來嘗試把它們合併成一個句子
(a) Gary wants to buy the robot.
(b) Ben also likes the robot.
怎麼接起來：
- 將句子 (a) (b) 用連接詞 and 連起來
(a)+(b) = Gary wants to buy the robot and Ben also likes the robot. - 再用關係代名詞 which 將連接詞 and 跟第二句受詞 the robot 換掉
Gary wants to buy the robot which Ben also likes.
再舉個例子:
(a) The ballon is red. (那個氣球是紅色的)
(b) The boy is holding the ballon. (那個男孩拿著那個氣球)
合併後變成：The ballon (which/that) the boy is holding is red.
4) 當先行詞為「所有格」時，不管是人是物，都用 whose 來處理
來看這個例句：
(a) Jonas entered the house.
(b) The house's door was open.
- 將句子 (a) (b) 用連接詞 and 連起來
Jonas entered the house and the house's door was open. - 再用關係代名詞 whose 將連接詞 and 跟所有格 the house's 換掉
變為 Jonas entered the house whose door was open.
II. 複合關係代名詞
複合關係代名詞 (Compound Relative Pronoun) 包括 what, whatever 還有關係代名詞加上字尾 -ever 的 whoever, whichever , whomever, whosever。
1) what 的用法 (what = the things that...)
The students didn't understand what the teacher just said.
＝The students didn't understand the things that the teacher just said.
2) whatever 的用法 (whatever = anything that...)
Karen doesn't like whatever pollutes the environment.
= Karen doesn't like anything that pollutes the environment.
3) whoever 的用法 (whoever = anyone who...)
The girl will give a gift to whoever helped her.
= The girl will give a gift to anyone who helped her.
4) whichever 的用法 (whichever = any one of them that...)
Pick whichever you want for birthday.
= Pick any one of them that you want for birthday.
5) whomever 的用法 (whomever = anyone whom)
Mandy will invite whomever she likes to her party.
= Mandy will invite anyone whom she likes to her party.
III. 關係副詞 (Relative Adverb)
主要常見的關係副詞有以下這三種：
- 表地點 where ＝in/at/on which
- 表時間 when ＝in/on/from which ...
- 表原因 why = for which
1) 表地點 where
來看這兩個句子：
(a) That's the classroom. (那是那個教室)
(b) We met in the classroom for the first time. (我們第一次見面是在那個教室)
怎麼接起來：
- 將句子 (a) (b) 用連接詞 and 連起來
That's the classroom and we met in the classroom for the first time.
(那是那個教室，而我們第一次見面是在那個教室) - 用關係代名詞 which 將 and 跟 the classroom 換掉
對，你沒有看錯！這邊一樣要回到「關係代名詞」的觀念，所以這邊可以用關係代名詞 which 代替掉連接詞 and 還有第二句的 the classroom。
classroom是「物」， 所以用關係代名詞 which ，變為 That's the classroom which we met in for the first time.
(注意囉，介系詞 in 還在喔！ 只有 and 和 the classroom 被取代掉)
3. 移動介系詞
將 in 移動到關係代名詞 which 前面。因為本來 (b) 句當中的 in the classroom 變成 in which 變為 That's the classroom in which we met for the first time.
4. 用關係副詞 where 將 in which 換掉
由於關係副詞的功能是 介系詞＋關係代名詞
因此這邊可以用 where 代替掉句子中的 in which 變成
That's the classroom where we met for the first time.
(那是我們第一次見面的那個教室)
用中文來看，「我們第一次見面的」就是個形容詞，所以我們才會說 where 帶出的這部份是個形容詞子句喔！
2) 表時間 when
來看這兩個句子：
(a) I remember that day. (我記得那天)
(b) We first met on that day. (我們第一次相遇在那天)
- 將句子 (a) (b) 用連接詞 and 連起來
I remember that day and we first met on that day.
(我記得那天，而我們第一次相遇在那天) - 關係代名詞 which 將 and 跟 that day 換掉
I remember that day which we first met on. - 移動介系詞
將 on 移動到關係代名詞 which 前面
I remember that day on which we first met.
4. 用關係副詞 where 將 in which 換掉
I remember that day when we first met. (我記得我們第一次相遇的那天)
「我們第一次相遇的」就是形容詞「... 的」的概念
由此可知，when 這個關係副詞帶出的是一個形容詞子句
📌 小筆記
有時候 when 無法拆解成 「介系詞＋關代」，為什麼呢？
來看看以下例子：
- It was a year ago when we first met each other.
按照同樣的方式分析會先有下面這兩句
(a) It was a year ago.
(b) We first met each other a year ago.
看到 (b) 句，找到原因了嗎？
答案就是："a year ago" 這個時間副詞本身就不需要加介系詞
3) 表原因 why
- The teacher didn't know (the reason) why John took a leave yesterday.
(老師不知道為什麼 John 昨天請假)
我們應該常常會看見這樣的句子吧！
只要把 the reason 加回來就可以理解為什麼了
a) The teacher didn't know the reason. (老師不知道那個原因)
b) John was absent yesterday for the reason. (John 因為某事請假)
看起來很複雜，但其實「因為某事」就是「那個原因」啦
- 將句子 (a) (b) 用連接詞 and 連起來
The teacher didn't know the reason and John was absent yesterday for the reason.
2. 關係代名詞 which 將連接詞 and 跟 第二句的 the reason 換掉
The teacher didn't know the reason which John took a leave yesterday for.
3. 移動介系詞
將 for 移動到關係代名詞 which 前面。因為本來 (b) 句當中的 for the reason 變成 for which 變為 The teacher didn't know the reason for which John took a leave yesterday.
4. 用關係副詞 why 將 for which 換掉
The teacher didn't know the reason why John took a leave yesterday.
(老師不知道 John 昨天請假的原因＝老師不知道為什麼 John 昨天請假)
* the reason 有時可省略
文法好複雜，這麼多專有名詞到底該怎麼記？
如果你的志向不是要當英文老師，背文法的唯一目的大概就只剩下考試幫助解題得高分了。但是對大部分的人來說，背文法是一件極其痛苦的事情，如果你也是屬於這類型的人，那該怎麼辦呢？
我們建議你大量收集例句，把例句講得順就好。你一定有學校上課的文法書，或者你在網路上都很好找到大量的例句，為每一個關係代名詞搜集兩個句子，好好念順他們，當你能直接一口氣講出一個句子時，就會發現自己好像找到了所謂「語感」這項東西！
你也可以利用 Glossika 來練習各種句型結構，總共有將近七千個句子，為你從簡單到困難排序，透過每天不斷地練習一個又一個的句子，自然而然就能將各種英文句型靈活運用！更棒的是你可以選擇練習拼字、聽寫，或者單純用聽的也可以，為自己創造英文的沉浸式環境，現在就立即免費註冊試用七天。