Tips to Hack Slavic Vocabulary
Hack Slavic Vocabulary
For speakers of Western European languages, learning a Slavic language can be a daunting task. Not only is the grammar full of declensions, but the vocabulary presents us with long words that are full of diacritics.
A large number of roots present in the Slavic languages descend from common Indo-European roots that we're already familiar with in English. We're lucky as English speakers since we usually have common vocabulary sitting side by side from different branches of Indo-European, for example "foot" from our Germanic past and the "ped" of "pedestrian" from our Latin past. And in the sciences we are required to learn many of the Greek roots that enrich the English language.
Since we are familiar with at least three similar branches that make up our modern vocabulary, it is not too much of a stretch to acquire a fourth group of roots, from which you will have access to understanding another dozen languages of East Europe. Out of 200 roots, at least half of these have cognates in English and other European languages. And almost all of the vocabulary constructed from these roots have parallel structures in other languages.
An example of a cognate structure would be Russian председатель, Czech předseda, Croatian predsjednik or predsjedatelj. Since pred- is cognate with English pre- and -sed- is cognate with English -sid/sit/sed-, it is possible to guess this word means something like pre-side. In fact, in all three languages, it refers to "president" or "chairman". In German, the same parallel structure exists in the word Vorsitzender (vor+sitz). Since the English comes from a Latin root, the same word descends into Italian, French, Spanish, Catalan, Portuguese and more dialects.
An example of a parallel structure that is not cognate with other languages can be seen in roots such as рук: подручный (assistant, lit: under-hand), Polish podręcze (arm of a chair, lit: under-hand), Czech područí (dependence or subordination, lit: under-hand), Croatian područje (region, jurisdiction, lit: under-hand). No matter which language you're learning, you can learn to apply the roots to acquire new vocabulary extremely quickly.
The list below is a rough guide to the most common Slavic roots and how they manifest in Russian, Polish, Czech, and Croatian. The Slovak forms can be deduced from the Czech, and both the Serbian and Slovene forms from the Croatian, but we will continue to update this page with specific data.
Abbreviations:
EN=English, FR=French, DE=German, LAT=Latin, EL=Greek, HU=Hungarian
| Czech | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BUD: to be awake | БД, БОД, БУД, БУЖД, БЛЮД | BUD, BUDZ | BD, BED, BOD, BUD, BUY, BOUZ | BD, BOD, BUD, BUĐ | |
| BEK>BEŽ: to run | БЕГ, БЕЖ | BIEG, BIEŻ | BĚH, BÍH, BĚŽ | BIJEG, BJEG, BJEŽ | |
| BJ: to beat | БИ, БОЙ, БОИ | BI, BÓJ, BOI | BI, BÍ, BOJ | BI, BOJ | Compare EN pulse < pellere, battle |
| BLAG: good, blissful, gentle | БЛАГ, БЛАЖ | BŁOG, BŁAG, BŁAŻ | BLAH, BLAŽ | BLAG, BLAŽ | Compare EN bene- |
| BOG: God, rich | БОГ, БОЖ | BÓG, BOG, BÓŻ, BOŻ, BOSZ | BŮH, BOH, BŮŽ, BOŽ | BOG, BOŽ, BOŠ | Compare Sanskrit bhágas |
| BOK: side | БОК, БОЧ | BOK, BOCZ, BACZ | BOK, BOČ | BOK, BOČ | |
| BOR: fight | БОР, БР, БОРОН, БРАН | BOR, BRON, BROŃ, BRAN, BRAM | BR, BOR, BRAN, BRÁN, BRAŇ | BOR, BRAN | |
| BR: to take, gather, collect choose | БР, БИР, БОР, БЕР | BR, BIER, BIÓR, BIOR, BÓR, BOR, BRZ | BR, BÍR, BER, BĚR, BĚŘ, BOR, BĚŘBR, BIR, BOR | Compare bear, offer, suffer, transfer, metaphor, periphery | |
| BY: to be | БЫ, БУД, БАВ | BY, BĄDŹ, BUD, BAW | BY, BÝ, BUD, BUĎ, BAV | BI, BUD, BAV | Compare be, future, physics |
| HOD>ŠED: to go, walk | ХОД, ХОЖ, ХАЖ, ХОЖД, ШЕД | CHODZ, CHÓD, CHODŹ, CHADZ, SZ | CHOD, CHŮD, CHOZ, CHŮZ, CHÁZ, Š | HOD, ŠA | Compare episode, exodus, method, period |
| HT: to want, wish | ХОТ | CHC, CHOT/C/Ć, CHĘT/C/Ć, CHUĆ | CHT, CHOT, CHUT, CHOUT, CHUŤ, CHUC | HT, HOT | |
| HRAN: to keep, preserve | ХОРОН, ХРАН | CHRON, CHRAN | CHRÁN, CHRAŇ | HRAN, HRAM | |
| HIT: to grasp, seize, hurry | ХИТ, ХИЩ, ХВАТ | CHWYT/C, CHYT | CHYT, CHVAT/C, CHVÁT | HIT, HIĆ, HVAT/Ć | |
| KON>ČIN: beginning, end, finish, complete, perform, accomplish, carry out, perfection, excellence | ЧА, ЧИН, КОН, КАН | CZA, CZYN, KON/Ń | ČÍ, ČÁ, ČIN, ČÍN, KON | ČE, ČIN, KON | |
| ČAS: time | ЧАС | CZAS, CZES | ČAS | ČAS | |
| ČAST: part, share, destiny, luck, fortune | ЧАСТ | CZĘŚĆ/C, CZEST | ČÁST, ČAST, ČEST | ČEST, ČEŠĆ | |
| KOJ>ČI: to rest, quiet, resting room | ЧИ, КОЙ, КОИ, КАИ | CZA, CZY, KÓJ, KOI, KAJ | ČI, ČÍ, KOJ, KÁJ | ČI, KOJ | Compare EN quiet, while, NO hvile (also PL chwile) |
| ČIN: order, arrangement, mode, manner, utensil, implement | ЧИН | CZYN/Ń, ČIN/Ň | ČIN/M | Compare EN poem < ποιέω < ποιϝέω < *kʷey-, Sanskrit: चिनोति (cinoti) | |
| ČT: to read, count, honor, notice | ЧТ, ЧИТ, ЧЕТ | CZT, CZC, CZYT, CZET, CZĘ, C | ČT, ČIT, ČÍT, ČET, ČA, C | ČT, ŠT, ČIT, ČAT | Compare Sanskrit चेतति (cétati) |
| ČU: to feel, smell, hear | ЧУ | CZU | ČI, ČÍ | ČU | Compare EN caution < cavere, caveat |
| DA: to give, yield, put | DA | DA, DÁ | DA | Compare EN dose < διδόναι, donation < donum, dowry, endow | |
| DE: to do, make, put, happen, put away, disappear, put on (don) | ДЕ, ДЕЛ | DZIE, DZIA, DZIAŁ, DZIEŁ/L | DÍ, DI, DĚ, DÁ, DÍL, DĚL | DJE, DIJE, DE, D, Đ, DJEL, DJEO | Compare EN theme < τιθέναι, thesis, synthesis |
| DEL: part, divide, atom (indivisible part), share | ДЕЛ | DZIAŁ, DZIEL | DÍL, DĚL | DIJEL, DJEL, DIO | Compare EN deal < Teil/teilen, dole, atom < άτομος < ά+τέμνειν |
| DEN: day, today, dawn, diary/journal | ДЕН, ДН | DZIEŃ/N, DN | DEN, DN | DAN, DN | Compare EN day < dies, dawn |
| DLG>DLŽ: long, along, linger | ДЛ, ДОЛ, ДОЛГ, ДОЛЖ | DL, DŁUG, DŁUŻ | DL, DÉL, DLOUH, DLOUŽ, DLUŽ | DUL, DUG, DUŽ | Compare EN along, linger, long |
| DOB: good, suitable | ДОБ | DOB | DOB | DOB, DAB | |
| DOBR: good, well | ДОБР, ДАБР | DOBR | DOBR, DOBŘ | DOBAR, DOBR | |
| DR: to tear | ДР, ДИР, ДОР | DRZ, DZIERZ, DAR | DR, DŘ, DĚR, DOR | DR, DER, DIR, DOR | Compare EN tear < Zorn/zerren / Trotz, dermatology, epidermis < δέρμα < δέρειν |
| DRUG: other, second, friend, comrade, kind, sort | ДРУГ, ДРУЖ | DRUG, DRUH, DRUŻ | DRUH, DRUŽ | DRUG, DRUK, DRUŽ, DRUŠ | |
| DRŽ: to hold, enDURe, -tain, -ten | ДЕРЖ | DZIERŻ | DRŽ | DRŽ | |
| DVA: two, duo, dual, twin, despair, doubt | ДВА, ДВУ, ДВОЙ, ДВО- | DWA, DWU, DWÓJ, DWOJ, DWOI, DWAJ | DVA, DVOJ | DVA, DVO, DVOJ, DVAJ | Compare EN two < zwei, dual < duo, twin < Zwilling |
| DVIG: to move, raise, lift | ДВИГ, ДВИЖ, ДВИЗ | DŹWIG | DVIH, DVÍH, DVIŽ | DIG, DVIG, DIZ | |
| DUH: to breathe | ДЫХ, ДЫШ, ДОХ, ДУХ, ДУШ | DYCH, DYSZ, DECH, TCH, DUCH, DUSZ, DUS | DYCH, DÝCH, DYŠ, DECH, DŠ, DUCH, DUŠ, DUS | DIH, DIS, DAH, DUH, DUŠ | Compare EN deer < Tier (animal ~ anima (atmen=breathe) ~ spirare > aspire/spirit) |
| GIB: to bend/fold, perish, destroy | ГИБ, ГУБ | GIB, GUB | HB, HYB, HÝB, HEB, HUB, HOUB | GIB, GA, GUB | |
| GLAND: to look, glance, regard, respect | ГЛЯД | GLĄD, GLĘDZ | HLED, HLÍD | GLED | Compare EN glance (coincidence) |
| GLOS: voice, vote, vowel | ГОЛОС, ГЛАС, ГЛАШ | GŁOS/Ś, GŁASZ | HLAS, HLÁS, HLAŠ, HLÁŠ | GLAS, GLAZ, GLAŠ | Compare EN vowel < vocalis < vox |
| GLAV: head | ГОЛОВ, ГЛАВ | GŁOW, GŁÓW | HLAV | GLAV | Compare EN chief/chapter < kaput |
| GN: to chase, drive, impulse, instinct, exaggeration | ГН, ГОН | GN, GON/Ń, GAN | HN, HON | GON | |
| GOD: good, suitable, happen, event, chance, accident | ГОД, ГОЖД | GODZ, GÓD, HOD, GADZ | HOD, HŮZ, HAZ, HÁZ | GOD, GOĐ, GAĐ | Compare EN good, gather, get |
| GAR: hot | ГОР, ГАР, ГР, ЖАР | GORZ, GÓR, GAR, GRZ, ŻARZ | HOR, HOŘ, KOŘ, HÁR, HŘ, HR, ŽÁR | GOR, GAR, GR, ŽAR, ŽER | Compare EN warm/thermal < θερμός < *gʷʰer- > Latin formus > furnace, > Sanskrit घर्म (gharma), also ardent |
| GOVOR: to speak | ГОВОР, ГОВАР | GAWORZ, GWARZ | HOVOR, HOVOŘ | GOVOR, GOVAR | |
| GRD: enclosure, garden, town | ГОРОД, ГОРОЖ, ГОРАЖ, ГРАД, ГРАЖД | GRÓD, GRODZ, GRADZ | HRAD, HRÁD, HRAZ, HRÁZ | GRAD, GRAĐ | Compare EN town ~ NL tuin (garden) ~ DE Zaun (fence) |
| ID: to go, walk | ИД, ЫД, ЙД | I, JD | JÍ | ID | Compare EN exit, initial, transit < LAT ire < EL ιέναι |
| IMEN: name | ИМЯ, ИМЕН | IMIĘ, IMIEN | JMEN, JMÉN | IMEN | Compare EN name < LAT nomen > nominal ~ noun < ὄνομα |
| IN: one, some, other | ИН | IN | JIN | IN | Compare EN one < unus |
| ISK: to seek | ИСК, ИСК, ИЩ, ЫЩ | ISK, YSK | ISK, ÍSK, IŠT | ISK | Compare EN ask |
| IST: real, true, certain | ИСТ | IST, IŚC, ISZCZ | JIST, JIŠŤ | IST | |
| IM: to take, have, property, wealth, owner | ИМ, ЫМ, ЙМ, ЕМ, Я, М | JĄ/Ę, IĄ/Ę, JEN, IM, JM, JEM, M | Í, JA, A, Á, JE, Ě, E, JIM, JÍM, ÍM, JM, JEM, ĚM, M | E, JA, A, IM, JM, JAM, JEM, M | Compare EN exempt, preempt, redeem < LAT emere; assume, consume, presume, resume < LAT sumere |
| JAV: wakefulness | ЯВ | JAW | JEV | JAV | Compare EL φαίνειν (show, appear) > phenomenon |
| ID>JEH>JEZD: to go, ride | ЕХ, ЕЗД | JECH, JAZD, JEŹDZ, JEŻDŻ | JEZD, JÍZD | JAH, JEZD | |
| JED: to eat | ЕД, ЯД | JAD, IAD, JE | JÍD, ÍD, JED, ĚD | JED, JA | Compare EN eat, edible < LAT edere |
| JEDN: one, union, unique, unit, unite, unity, singular | ОДИН, ОДН, ЕДИН | JEDEN, JEDYN, JEDN, JEN, ODYN | JEDEN, JEDIN, JEDN, JEN | JEDAN, JEDIN, JEDN | Compare EN one < unus > unique, unit, unite |
| JES: to be | ЕС, С, СУТ, СУЩ | JES, S | JES, JS, JSOUC | JES, S, SUT, SUŠT | Compare EN is < ist ~ est ~ ἐστί |
| KAZ: to show, say | КАЗ | KAZ, KAŹ | KAZ, KÁZ | KAZ, KAS | Compare EN dictate < dicere ~ δεικνύναι |
| KID: to throw | КИД | KYD | KID | dialectal | |
| KLAD: to lay, put | КЛАД | KŁAD | KLAD, KLÁD | KLAD | Compare EN lade, load < DE laden |
| KLON: to bend, inCLINe, lean | КЛОН, КЛАН | KŁON, KŁAN | KLON, KLOŇ, KLAN, KLÁN | KLON, KLAN | Compare EN lean, incline < LAT clinare ~ κλίνειν |
| KLUK: hook, key, close, connect | КЛЮК, КЛЮЧ | KLUK, KLUCZ | KLIK, KLIČ, KLÍČ | KLJUK, KLJUČ | Compare EN close, exclude < LAT claudere / clavis |
| KOL: wheel, circle | КОЛ | KOŁ/L, KÓŁ/L, KAL | KOL | KOL | Compare EN wheel < κύκλος |
| KOR: to scold, punish | КОР, КАР | KORZ, KÓR, KAR | KOR/Ř, KÁR | KOR, KAR | |
| KREP: strong | КРЕП | KRZEP | KŘEP | KREP, KRIJEP | |
| KRIV: crooked, twisted | КРИВ | KRZYW | KŘIV | KRIV | Compare EN curve < LAT curvus |
| KROJ: to cut | КРОИ, КРАЙ, КРАИ | KROI, KRÓJ, KRAJ | KROJ, KRAJ, KRÁJ, KREJ | KROJ, KRAJ | |
| KRT: short | КОРОТ, КРАТ, КРАЩ | KROT, KRÓT, KRÓC | KRAT, KRÁT/C | KRAT, KRAĆ | Compare EN short / curt < LAT curtus |
| KRK>KRG: circle | КРУГ, КРУЖ | KRĄG, KRĘG, KRĄŻ | KRUH, KRUŽ | KRUG, KRUŽ | Compare EN ring < hring < *krengʰ |
| KRUT: to twist | КРУТ | KRĘT/C, KRUT, KRZĄT, KRZĘT | KROUT, KRUT | KRUT, KRET | |
| KRY: to cover | КРЫ, КРОВ | KRY | KRÝ, KROV | KRI, KROV | Compare EN crypt < κρύπτειν (hide) |
| KUS: to taste | КУС, КУШ | KUS, KUSZ | KUS, KUŠ, KOUŠ | KUS, KUŠ | Compare EN choose ~ Gothic kausjan, EN disgust < LAT gustare |
| LEG: to lie, recline | ЛЕГ, ЛЯГ, ЛЕЖ, ЛОГ, ЛОЖ, ЛАГ | LEG, LEŻ, ŁÓG, ŁOG, ŁOŻ, ŁÓŻ, LĄG, LĘG | LEH, LÉH, LEŽ, LOH, LOŽ, LŮŽ, LÍH | LEG, LIJEG, LEŽ, LOG, LOŽ, LOZ, LAG | Compare EN lie/lay < DE liegen/legen, lair < Lager |
| LEG: lightweight | ЛЕГ, ЛЬГ, ЛЬЗ | LEK, LG, LŻ | LEH, LH, LZ | LAG, LAK | Compare EN light < LAT levis |
| LET: to fly | ЛЕТ | LAT, LOT, LEC | LET, LÉT | LET | |
| LEZ: to climb | ЛЕЗ, ЛЕС, ЛАЗ | LEŹ, ŁAZ | LEZ, LÉZ | LJES, LAZ, LAŽ | |
| LI: to pour | ЛИ, ЛЕ, ЛОЙ | LA, LI, LE, ŁÓJ | LI, LÍ, LE, LÉ, LŮJ | LI, LJE, LIJE, LOJ | |
| LIH: left over, superfluous, bad | ЛИХ, ЛИШ | LICH | LICH, LIŠ | LIH, LIŠ | Compare EN lend/loan < LAT linquere > relic/relinquish |
| LIK: shape, form, face | ЛИК, ЛИЦ, ЛИЧ | LIC, LICZ | LIC, LÍC/Č, LIČ, LIŠ | LIK, LIC/Č | |
| LOM: to break | ЛОМ | ŁOM, ŁAM | LOM, LAM, LÁM | LOM, LAM | Compare EN lame |
| LUV: to love, like | ЛЮБ | LUB | LIB, LÍB | LJUB | Compare EN love, libido |
| LUK: to separate, join, unite | ЛУЧ | ŁĄCZ | LUK, LUČ, LOUČ | LUK, LUČ, LUDŽ | |
| LUČ: to receive what is allotted by fate | ЛУЧ | LUČ | |||
| LID: people | ЛЮД | LUDZ | LID, LÍD | LJUD | Compare EN lēod < DE Leute |
| MAH: to wave | МАХ | MACH, MASZ | MACH, MÁCH | MAH, MAŠ | |
| MAL: small, little | МАЛ | MAŁ, MAL | MAL, MÁL | MAO, MAL | Compare EN small < LAT malus |
| MAT: to make turbid, to confuse, disturb | МЯТ, МУТ, МУЩ | MĘT, MĄC, MUT | MAT, MÁ, MĚŤ, MUT, MOUT | MET, MUT, MUĆ | |
| MID: boundary | МЕЖ, МЕЖД | MIEDZ, MIĘDZ | MEZ | MEĐ | Compare EN middle/mid, medium < LAT medius, meso- < EL μέσος |
| MIEN: to exchange | МЕН | MIAN, MIEN | MĚN/Ň | MIJEN, MJEN | Compare EN mean < DE gemein (common), common/munus < LAT communis |
| MER: measure | МЕР, МИР | MIAR, MIERZ | MÍR/Ř, MĚR/Ř | MJER | Compare EN mete < DE messen, meter < μέτρον |
| MIS: to mix | МЕС, МЕШ, МЕХ | MIES, MIESZ | MÍS, MĚS/Š, MÍŠ, MÍCH | MIJES/Š, MJEŠ | Compare EN mix < DE mischen ~ LAT miscere > -miscuous |
| MIST: place | МЕСТ, МЕЩ | MIAST, MIEST, MIEŚC, MIESZCZ, MIEJS | MÍST/Ť, MĚST, MÍSŤ, MĚŠŤ | MJEST, MJEŠT | |
| MIT: to sweep, throw | МЕТ | MIOT, MIEC/Ć | MET, MÉ, MĚT, MIT, MÍT | MET, MEĆ | Compare LAT meare > EN permeate |
| MI: to pass by | МИ | MI | MI, MÍ, ME | MI | |
| MIL: dear, beloved | МИЛ | MIŁ, MIL | MIL | MIO, MIL | |
| MIR: peace | МИР | MIR, MIERZ | MÍR/Ř, MIŘ, MĚŘ | MIR | |
| MYK: to make a sudden movement | МК, МЧ, МЫК, МОК | MK, MYK, MEK | MK, MYK, MEK | MAK, MK, MIC | |
| MNE: to think | МН, МИН, МЯ | MN, MIN, MIĘ | MN, MÍN, ME/Ě, MA/Á | MN, MAN, MIN, ME | Compare EN mind, reminisce, remind, admonish, monument, mnemonic |
| MOG: to be able | МОГ, МОЖ, МОЧ, МОЩ | MÓ, MOG/C, MAG/C, MOŻ | MOH, MAH, MÁH, MOŽ/C | MOG, MAG, MOŽ/Ć, MOŠT | Compare EN may/might < DE mögen / Macht |
| MLV: to speak | (МОЛВ) | MÓW, MOW, MAW | MLUV, MLOUV | ||
| MOTR: to look | МОТР, МАТР | MOTR, MATR | |||
| MOR: to die | МЕР, МИР, МОР | MRZ, MIER, MAR, MÓR, MORZ, MARZ | MR/Ř, MÍR, MOR/Ř | MR, MIR, MOR, MAR | Compare EN mortal, moribund, murder < mors / mori |
| MYSL: to think | МЫСЛ, МЫСЕЛ, МЫШЛ | MYSŁ, MYŚL | MYSL, MYŠL, MÝŠL | MISAO, MISL, MIŠL | Compare EN myth > μῦθος |
| NOS: to carry on foot | НЕС, НОС, НОШ | NIOS, NIES, NIEŚ, NOS/Ś/SZ | NES/Š, NÉS, NOS/Š, NŮŠ, NAŠ, NÁŠ | NES, NIJE, NOS/Š, NAŠ | |
| NIK: to thrust forth | НИК | NIK | NIK | NIK/C | |
| OPST: general, common | ОБЩ | OBEC, OBC, OBCZ | OBEC, OBC/Č | OPĆ, OPŠT | Related to "o" (around) spreading to abstract concepts "general, common" |
| OK: eye | ОК, ОЧ | OK, OCZ | OK/Č, ŮČ | OK/Č, ODŽ | Compare EN eye < DE Auge ~ LAT oculus |
| PIN: to stretch, pull tight | ПЯ, ПН, ПИН, ПОН | PIĄ, PIĘ, PIN, PON | PĚ, PJA, PN, PIN, PÍN, PON | PEN, PIN, PN, PON | Compare EN spin, span |
| PAD: to fall | ПАД | PAD | PAD, PÁD | PAD | Compare EN case < LAT casus < cadere ~ EL πτῶσις < πῑ́πτειν (fall) |
| PAS: to tend, put out to pasture | ПАС | PAS/Ś, PASZ | PAS, PÁS | PAS, PAŠ | Compare EN pasture < LAT pascere, pantry < LAT panis; also: food, fodder, foster |
| PATR: to look | PATRZ | PATR/Ř, PÁTR | PATR | Compare LAT spectare | |
| PEK: to bake, roast | ПЕК, ПЕЧ | PIEK, PIECZ | PE, PÉ, PEČ, PÉČ | PEK, PEČ/C | Compare EN cook, kitchen, concoct < LAT coquere < EL πέπτειν |
| PIS: to write | ПИС | PIS | PS, PIS, PÍS | PIS | Compare EN paint, picture < LAT pingere |
| PUL: full | ПОЛН | PEŁN | PLN, PLŇ | PUN | Compare EN full < DE voll ~ LAT plenus > plenty, complete |
| PLU: to flow, float | ПЛЫ, ПЛАВ | PŁY, PŁAW | PLOU, PLOV, PLY, PLAV | PLU, PLOV, PLI, PLAV | Compare EN flow, flood, float, fleet |
| POL: half | ПОЛ | PÓŁ/L, POŁ/L, PAL | PŮL, POL | POL | |
| PER: to press, push, quarrel | ПЕР, ПИР, ПР, ПОР | PRZ, PIER, PAR, PÓR, POR | PŘ, PÍR, PĚR, PEŘ, POR, PŮR | PR, PIR, PAR, POR | |
| PREG: to stretch, pull tight | ПРЯГ, ПРЯЖ, ПРУГ, ПРУЖ | PRZĄ, PRZĘG/Ż, PRZĄCZ, PRĘG/Ż | PŘAH, PŘÁH, PŘEŽ, PRUH/Ž, PROUH | PREG, PREZ, PRUG/Ž/Z | |
| PRAV: straight | ПРАВ | PRAW | PRAV, PRÁV | PRAV, PORAV | Parallel structures with EN right, direct, regular, correct, rule, regent |
| PRED: before (space/time) | ПЕРЕД, ПЕРЕЖ, ПРЕД, ПРЕЖД | PRZEDZ, PRZÓD, PRZOD | PŘED, PŘÍD/Ď | PRED, PRIJED, PREĐ | |
| PREK: across | ПЕРЕК, ПЕРЕЧ, ПРЕК | PRZEK, PRZECZ | PŘÍČ | PREK/Č, PRIJEK/Č | |
| PROST: straight, simple, free | ПРОСТБ ПРОЩ | PROST, PROŚ | PROST/Ť, PROŠŤ | PROST, PRAŠT | |
| PUD: to chase, drive | PĘDZ | PUD, POUZ | PUD | ||
| PUST: empty | ПУСТ, ПУСК, ПУЩ | PUST, PUŚC, PUSZCZ | PUST, POUST, PUŠT, POUŠT, POUŠŤ | PUST, PUŠT | Parallel structures with EN -mit: admit, dismiss, emit, omit, permit, remit |
| PUT: path, road, way | ПУТ | PĄT | PUT, POUT/Ť | PUT/Ć | Compare EN find, path < EL πάτος, LAT pons |
| PYT: to ask | ПЫТ | PYT | PT, PYT | PIT | |
| RAD: row, straight line, order, arrangement | РЯД, РЯЖ | RZĄDZ, RZĘDZ | ŘAD/Ď/Z, ŘÁD, ŘED, ŘIZ, ŘÍD/Z | RED/Đ | Compare EN order, ordinal < LAT ordo |
| RAZ: to hit, strike | РАЗ, РАЖ | RAZ/Ź/Ż | RAZ/Ž, RÁZ/Ž | RAZ/Ž | |
| REK: to speak | РЕК, РЕЧ, РИЦ, РОК, РОЧ | RZEK, RZECH, ROK, ROCZ, RACZ | ŘK/Č, ŘEK/Č, ŘÍK, ROK/Č | REK/Č, RIJEK/Č, RJEČ, RIK/Č, ROK/Č | |
| RET: to find, meet | РЕТ, РЕЧ | ŘET | RET/Ć | ||
| ROB: child, slave, work | РОБ, РАБ, РЕБ | ROB, RÓB, RAB | ROB, RÁB, RAB | ROB, RAB | Compare EN orphan < LAT orbus < EL ὀρφανός, DE Erbe (heir), Arbeit, Sanskrit अर्भ (árbha) |
| ROD: to give birth to, produce | РОД, РОЖ, РОЖД | RÓDZ/Ź, RODZ, RADZ | ROD/Z, RŮD | ROD/T/Đ, RAĐ, ROŽD | Parallel structures with IE *ǵenh₁ |
| ROST: to grow | РОСТ, РАСТ, РОЩ, РАЩ | ROST, ROSZCZ, RÓŚ, ROŚC | ROST, RŮST | RAST, RAŠT | |
| ROV: even, level, flat | РОВ, РАВ | RÓW | ROV | RAV | |
| RUB: to cut, chop | РУБ | RĄB, RĘB, RUB | RUB, ROUB | RUB | |
| RUH: to move swiftly and violently | РУХ, РУШ | RUCH, RUSZ | RUCH, ROUCH, RUŠ | RUŠ | |
| RUK: hand, arm | РУК, РУЧ, РУШ | RĘK/CZ, RĄK/CZ, RUCZ/SZ | RUK/Č, ROUČ | RUK/Č | |
| RUT: to throw | RZUT/C | ŘÍT/C | |||
| RYV: to pull, tear | РВ, РЫВ | RW, RYW | RV, RYV | RV, RIV | |
| SAG: to reach out for sth | СЯГ, СЯЖ, САЖ, СЯЗ, СУГ | SIĘG/Ż, SIĄG/Ż, SĄG | SAH, SÁH, SÍ, SEŽ | SEG/Ž, SEZ | |
| SAM: same, self, alone, only | САМ | SAM | SAM, SÁM | SAM | Compare EN same, selfsame, DE selb, EL ὁμο- > homo- |
| SEB: oneself | СЕБ, СЯ, СЬ, СОБ, САБ | SIEB, SIĘ, SOB, SÓB, SAB | SEB, SE, SOB | SEB, SE, SOB, SOP | Compare EN self, LAT sibi |
| SED: to sit | СЕД, СИД, САД, САЖ, САЖД | SIĄ, SIAD, SIEDZ, SIOD, SADZ, SED | SED/Z, SÍD, SAD/Z, SÁD/Z | SJED, SED, SID, SIJE, SAD/Đ | Compare EN sit, seat, set, settle, saddle, LAT sedere > reside, sedentary, sediment |
| SEK: to cut, chop | СЕК, СЕЧ | SIEK/CZ | SEK/Č, SÍ | SJEK/Č/C, SIJEK | Compare EN saw, section, sector, segment < LAT secare |
| SIL: strength | СИЛ | SIŁ/L | SIL, SÍL | SIL | |
| SYL: to send | СЛ, СЫЛ, СОЛ | SŁ, SYŁ, SEŁ | SL, SÍL, SEL | SL, ŠIL, SIL, SAO, ŠL | |
| SLED: track, trace | СЛЕД | ŚLAD, ŚLEDZ | SLED, SLÍD | SLIJED, SLJED/Đ | |
| SLU: be named, reputed, renowned, to hear, listen | СЛЫ, СЛОВ, СЛАВ, СЛУХ, СЛУШ, СЛЫШ | SŁY, SŁOW, SŁÓW, SŁAW, SŁUCH/SZ, SŁYSZ | SLOU, SLU, SLY, SLOV, SLAV, SLÁV, SLUCH/Š, SLOUCH, SLECH, SLYŠ | SLOV, SLIV/Š, SI, SLAV, SLUH/Š | Compare EN loud, listen |
| SPE: to advance rapidly, progress, prosper | СПЕ | SPIE, ŚPIE | SPĚ, SPÍ | SPJE, SPIJE, SPI | Compare EN speed, LAT sperare > despair, prosperous |
| HRT>SRT: heart, middle, center | СЕРД, СЕРЕД, СРЕД | SERD, SIERDZ, ŚROD, ŚRÓD, ŚRED | SRD, STŘED/Ď, STŘÍD | SRD, SRĐ, SRŽ, SRIJED, SRED/Đ | Compare EN heart, LAT cor, EL καρδία |
| STA: to stand | СТА, СТОЙ, СТО-, СТАИ, СТАВ | STA, STOJ, STÓJ, STOI, STAW | STA, STÁ, STE, STOJ, STAV, STÁV | STA, STOJ, STAJ, STAV | Compare EN stand, DE stehen, LAT stare > constant/station, sistere > insist/persist, EL στηναι, ιστάναι |
| STIG: to reach, overtake | СТИГ | ŚCIG | STIG, STÍH/Ž | STIG/Z | |
| STER: to spread | СТЕР, СТИР, СТОР, СТОРОН, СТРАН | STRZ, ŚCIER, STWÓR, STWORZ, STRZEN/Ń, STRON/Ń | STŘ, STÍR, STĚR, STOR, STRAN/Ň, STRÁN/Ň | STR, STIR, STER, STOR, STRAN | Compare EN strew, LAT sternere > street/stratum |
| STRAD: to suffer | СТРАД | STRAD | STRÁD, STRA | STRAD | |
| STRG: to watch, guard, be careful | СТЕРЕГ, СТОРОЖ, СТОРАЖ, СТРАЖ | STRZEG/Ż, STRÓŻ, STROŻ, STRAŻ | STŘÍH, STŘEH, STRAH/Ž, STRÁŽ | STRAŽ | |
| STROJ: to arrange, put in order | СТРОЙ, СТРО-, СТРА- | STRÓJ, STROJ, STROI, STRAJ | STROJ | STROJ, ŠTROJ | |
| STUP: to step | СТУП | STĄP, STĘP | STUP, STOUP | STUP | Compare EN stamp |
| SOP: to pour, strew | СЫП, СП, СОП | SU, SYP, SP, SEP | SOU, SU, SYP, SP, SEP, SOP | SU, SIP, SP, SAP | Compare EN dissipate < LAT sipare |
| SUD: to judge | СУД, СУЖД | SĄDZ, SĘDZ | SOUD, SUD, SUZ | SUD/Đ | |
| SVET: light, illumination | СВЕТ, СВЕЧ, СВЕЩ | ŚWIAT, ŚWIET/C/CZ, ŚWIT | SVĚT/C, SVÍT/C/Č, SVIT | SVIJET/Ć, SVJET/Ć, SVIT | Compare EN white |
| SVOJ: one's own | СВОЙ, СВО-, СВАИ | SWÓJ, SWOJ, SWOI, SWAJ, SWA | SVŮJ, SVOJ, SVÉ/A | SVOJ, SVAJ, SVA | Compare LAT suus, sui > suicide, DE sein |
| TIAN: to cut | CIĄ, CIĘ, CIN | TÍ, ŤA, TN, TÍN, TON | |||
| TUG: to pull, draw, weight, heaviness | ТЯГ/Ж/З, ТУГ/Ж | CIĄG/Ż, CIĘG/Ż, TĘG/Ż, TĄŻ | TAH/Ž, TÁH/Ž, TĚH/Ž, TÍH/Ž, TUH/Ž, TOUH/Ž | TEG/Ž/Š/Z, TUG/Ž | Compare EN draw, drag, tug |
| TOK: to flow | ТЕК/Ч, ТОК/Ч | CEIK/CZ, TOK/CZ, TAK/CZ | TEK/Č, TOK/Č, TÉ, TÁČ/C, TĚK/Č | TEK/Č, TIJEK, TJEC, TIC, TOK/Č, TAK | |
| TISK: to squeeze, press | ТИСК, ТЕС | CISK, CIŻ, CIAS, CIEŚ | TISK, TĚSK, TÍS | TISK, TISAK, TIŠT, TIJES, TJESK, TIJEŠ | Compare parallel formations: EN press/print, LAT premere, DE drücken/drucken |
| TYK: to stick, poke, jab | ТК/Ч, ТЫК/Ч, ТОЧ | TK, TYK/CZ, TECZ | TK/Č, TYK/Č, TÝK, TEČ | TAK/Č, TIK/C, TAČ, TOČ | |
| TRAT: to use up, waste, destroy | ТРАТ/Ч | TRAC | TRAT/C, TRÁC | TRAT/Ć | |
| TRG: to pull, tear | ТОРГ/Ж | TARG | TRH/Ž | TRG/Z | Compare EN traction < LAT trahere |
| TRYM: to hold | TZRYM | TŘÍM | |||
| TVOR: to make, create, form | ТВОР, ТВАР | TWORZ, TWÓR, TWARZ | TVOR/Ř, TVŮŘ, TVAR, TVÁR/Ř | TVOR, TVAR | |
| UK: to teach, to become accustomed to | УК/Ч, ВЫК/Ч | UK/CZ, WYK/CZ | UK/Č, VYK/Č | UK/Č, VIK/Č | |
| UM: mind | УМ | UM | UM | UM | |
| VAG: to weight | ВАГ/Ж | WAG/H/Ż | VAH/Ž, VÁH/Ž | VAG/Ž | Compare DE Waage/wiegen > EN weigh, also DE wichtig "important" |
| VAL: to roll | ВАЛ | WAL/Ł | VAL, VÁL | VAL | Compare EN a well, also LAT volvere > evolve, involve, revolve |
| VAZ: to tie, bind | ВЯЗ, УЗ, ЮЗ, ВЕНЗ | WIĄZ, WIĘZ/Ź, WĘZ, JUSZ | VAZ, VÁZ, VÍZ, VĚZ, UZ, BUZ | VEZ/S/Ž, UZ/Ž | Compare EN bind/bandage/bond/bundle, DE binden/Band/ Bund/bündig/ Bündnis/Verband, also parallels with LAT ligare > ligament/ligature/ liaison/alliance/ obligation |
| VID: to know | ВЕД/Ж/Щ, ВИД, ВЕЖД, ВЕСТ | WIAD/ST, WIEDZ/DŹ/ŚĆ/ŚC/SZCZ | VĚD, VÍD, VĚĎ/ST/ŠT | VIJED/T/ST, VJED/Ž/ST/ŠT/ŠĆ, VID/Đ | Compare EN wit/witness ~ DE wissen/Wissenschaft "science", EL ειδέναι/ιστορία>story/history, parallel formation with LAT testis > testify/attest, DE Zeuge/bezeugen |
| VED: to lead | ВЕД, ВОД, ВОЖД | WIEDZ, WODZ, WÓDZ, WADZ | VÉ, VED, VOD/Z, VŮD, VAD, VÁD | VED, VOD/Đ | |
| VEL: big, large, much, many | ВЕЛ | WIEL | VEL | VEL, VEO | |
| VOL: to want, wish | ВЕЛ, ВОЛ, ВЛ | WOL, WAL | VEL, VŮL, VOL | VEL, VOL | Compare EN will ~ DE wollen/Wille/wählen, LAT velle>volition, voluntas>voluntary |
| VER: truth, faith, belief, trust | ВЕР | WIAR, WIERZ | VÍR, VĚR/Ř | VJER | Compare DE wahr, LAT verus > EN very, verity, veracity, verify |
| VES: all | ВЕС, ВЕЗ, ВС | WSZ | VEŠ/S, VŠ/Ž | SAV, SV, VAS/Z | |
| VET: to speak | ВЕТ/Ч, ВИТ, ВЕЩ | IAT, WIEC | VĚT/Ť | VJET/ŠT, VIJEĆ, EĆ | |
| VEH>VEZ: carry by vehicle, transport, accumulate, a camp (of wagons) | ВЕЗ, ВОЗ | WIEŹ, WOZ/Ź, WÓZ | VÉZ, VOZ, VŮZ | VOZ | Compare EN weigh, wagon, way, LAT vehere |
| VID: to see, appearance, pessimist, clairvoyant | ВИД | WIDZ | VID | VID/Đ | Compare EN view, visible, vista, visual prevision, television < videre; spectacle, spectator, specter, spectrum, species, prospect < specere; idea < ίδειν |
| VES: to hang, to weigh | ВИС, ВЕС, ВЕШ | WIS, WIAS, WIES/Ś/SZ | VIS, VĚS/Š | VIS, VJES/Š | Compare EN weigh < LAT pendere, pound < pondus, ponder < ponderare |
| VLAD: to wield power | ВОЛО, ВЛАД, ВЛАСТ | WŁOD/ŚĆ/ŚC, WŁADZ/ŚC/SZCZ/S | VLAD, VLÁD, VLAST | VLAD/Đ, VLAST/ŠĆ | Compare EN wield < DE walten ~ LAT valere: valid, valiant, value, avail, prevail, convalesce |
| TRK>VLK: pull, drag, draw, delay, -tract, -traction, pull over, cover, clothe, train, cloud | ВОЛОК, ВОЛАК, ВОЛОЧ, ВЛЕК/Ч, ЛАК, ВЛАЧ | WLEK, WŁÓK/CZ, WŁOK/CZ, WŁACZ | VLÉK, VLEK/Č, VLAK, VLÁČ | VUČ, VLAK/Č | Similar to the productive LAT trahere > tract compounds, Latin TR is Slavic VL |
| VOD: water, undulate, abundant, inundate, hyraulic, hydrology, hydrate | ВОД | WODZ, WÓD, WÓDŹ, WAD | VOD | VOD/T/Đ | Compare LAT unda, EL ύδωρ |
| VOL: to call | WOŁ | VOL | |||
| VR: to close, link, bind, put in, hide, tie together, lace up | ВЕР, ВОР, ВР | WRZ, WIERZ, WAR, WR, WÓR, WORZ, FOR | VŘ/R, VÍR, VĚR, VEŘ, VOR | VR, VER, VIR, VOR, VAR | Compare EN weir < DE wehren ~ LAT verire < aperire, EN aperture, overt, overture, operire, cooperire, cover, covert |
| VAR: to boil, digest, cook | ВАР | WRZ, WARZ | VŘ, VAR/Ř, VÁŘ | VR, VOR, VAR | Compare EN burn < *wer- |
| [S]PR>VRH>VRŠ: top, end, complete, execute, carry out, accomplish, manage, commit, perpetrate | ВЕРХ, ВЕРШ | WIERZCH | VRCH, VRŠ | VRH/Š | Compare EN super, superior, supreme, sovereignty. [S]PR>SVR |
| VREM: time, weather | ВРЕМЯ, ВРЕМЕН | VRIJEME, VREMEN | |||
| VERG: to throw, expose (ex+poser), to subject (aus+setzen), outcast, project (pro+jacere), draft (Scand ut+kast), throw over, subject (sub+jacere, under+werfen), scatter, distribute, dissipate, destroy | ВЕРГ, ВЕРЖ | WIERZG | VRH/Ž | VRG/Ž | |
| VRT: turn, vertebra, vertigo, avert, aversion, convert, converse, divert, inverse, perfert, perverse, subversive, wend/went, neck/collar, reflexive, a turn of chorus/stanza | ВЕРТ, ВЕРЕТ, ВОРОТ/Ч, ВОРАЧ, ВРАТ/Щ | WART, WIERC, WRZEC, WROT, WRÓT/C, WRAC | VRT, VŘET, VRAT/C, VRÁT/C | VRT, VRET, VRAT/Ć | Compare LAT vertere |
| VYS: high, haughty | ВЫС/Ш | WYS/Ś/Ż/SZ | VYS/Š, VÝS/Š | VIS/Š | |
| ZD, ZID: build (building, uplifting, improving, edify, edifice, instruct, construct) | ЗД, ЗИД, ЗИЖД, ЗОД | ZD | ZED/Ď | ZD, ZID | Compare EN edify < LAT aedificare, EN struct < LAT struere ~ DE bauen ~ PL budować |
| HEM>ZEM: earth, land, ground | ЗЕМ | ZIEM, ZIOM | ZEM | ZEM | Compare EN humus, exhume, humble, humility, humiliate < LAT humus |
| ZL: bad | ЗЛ | ZŁ | ZL | ZAO, ZL | |
| GNA>ZNA: to know (experience, find out, identify, realise, recognise, distinguish, be known, announce, testify, acknowledge, confess, profess) | ЗНА | ZNA | ZNÁ, ZNA | ZNA | Compare EN note < [g]nos[cere], EN sign/assign/designate < [si]GNUM > Slavic ZNAM ~ DE [bezei]chn[en]/auszeichenen/Zeichen. EN know ~ DE kennen, LAT gnoscere, EN notice, notion, cognizant, recognize, acquaintance, EL γιγνώσκειν > EN [a]gnostic, diagnosis, prognosis |
| ZR: to see | ЗР, ЗИР, ЗЕР, ЗОР | JRZ, ZR, ZDR, ZIER, ZER, ZWIER, ZÓR, ZORZ | ZR/Ř, ZÍR, ZOR | ZR, ZIR, ZOR | Compare EN mirror < LAT mirare, DE Spiegel < LAT specere, EN specimen, speculation < LAT specere, EN theater/theory < EL θεασθαι (see), EN suspect < LAT sub+specere ~ EL υπό+οπτεύειν, EN despise < LAT de+specere, EN perspicacious < LAT per+specere, EN provident < LAT pro+videre ~ DE vor+sichtig, DE durch+sichtig (transparent) |
| ZV: to call | ЗВ, ЗЫВ, ЗОВ | ZW, ZEW, ZOW | ZV, ZEV | ZV, ZIV, ZOV | Compare EN provocation < LAT vocare, vocativus, irrevocable, revoke, repeal < FR rapeler, a calling (vocation) (DE Beruf < rufen, HU hivatás < hívni) |
| GI>ŽY: live (heal, scar, fat, stout, fertile, use, consume, eat, digest, pasture, enjoy, gain, profit, abundant, grain, bait) | ЖИВ | ŹYW, GOI, HOJ | ŽIV, ŽÍ, HOJ | ŽIV, GOJ | Compare EN victuals, viand < LAT vivere, EN quick (-silver), vivid, vivacious, revive, survive, vita, vital, EL ζην, ζωον, βιος, EN life < DE Leib "belly/body", EN bodice < DE Leibchen |
| GR>ŽR: devour | ЖР, ЖЕР, ЖОР, ГОР | ŻR, ŹR, ŻER, ŻAR, GAR | ŽR/Ř, ŽÍR, ŽER, HR | ŽDR, ŽDER, GR | Compare EN voracious, devour, omnivorous < LAT vor: vorare > Slavic gr. Croatian has intrusive -d-. EN gorge |
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